Precast concrete tilt-up construction: Reinforced concrete wall section was pulled up at its top by crane into near vertical position to form section of outside wall of building. Worker uses impact drill to make hole in slab into which to bolt bracket that supports diagonal shore/brace to hold wall up until roof structure is in place. Phoenix, Arizona, November 2006.
Precast concrete tilt-up construction: Reinforced concrete wall section has been pulled up at its top into near vertical position to form section of outside wall of building. Wall section is heavily reinforced concrete that was cast in horizontal position on top of floor slab of building, which alleviated the need for wall forms. It is lifted by steel cable, hooked to wall at a 8 points to provide force sufficient to break wall free from the slab beneath it and lift it into its final vertical position. Two point support from lifting beams/ harness and pulleys provide independent support to each lifting point. Pipe with screw jacks at end align the wall and support it against wind forces. Workers 3, 5, and 6, from left to right, hold chain/cable with which they will jerk out pens locking the lifting cables to the slab wall, and they will next pull to withdraw pens to separate lifting tools from the wall. Phoenix, Arizona, November 2006.
Precast concrete tilt-up construction: Reinforced concrete wall section is pulled up at its top into near vertical position to form section of outside wall of building. As foreman on right signals crane operator to hold position of tilted up concrete slab wall section, workers inside and outside manually position bottom of section to sit on its foundation, forming corner with previously placed adjacent section. Worker on left holds up adjustable shore so it does not drag on ground/slab and impact positioning. Phoenix, Arizona, November 2006.
Precast concrete tilt-up construction: Reinforced concrete wall section is pulled up at its top into near vertical position to form section of outside wall of building. Wall section is heavily reinforced concrete that was cast in horizontal position on top of floor slab of building, which alleviated the need for wall forms. It is lifted by steel cable, hooked to wall at a 8 points to provide force sufficient to break wall free from the slab beneath it and lift it into its final vertical position. Two point support from lifting beams/ harness and pulleys provide independent support to each lifting point. Phoenix, Arizona, November 2006.
Building/vertical construction: 23-story reinforced concrete structure 360 unit loft residential building. Cast-in-place concrete structure is being cast at 1-story per week. The top floor being cast has polyethylene plastic weather protection. Formwork has been removed on all floors shown, to be placed for next floor. The upper three floors are reshored (formwork removed and shores replaced) to distribute the load of the new and recent concrete placements among several floors. Galvanized steel bent sheet metal framing is being erected on the lower floors for exterior walls and interior partitions. Construction elevator is at near corner of building. Project is serviced by two tower cranes. Glass House, Denver, Colorado, December 2005.
Reinforced concrete building construction: Construction of reinforced concrete structural frame for high rise residential building. 7th floor oncrete slab formwork is in place, supported by trusses resting on 6th floor. The weight of the 7th floor formwork and the fresh concrete to be placed is shared among the 6th, 5th,, 4th, and 3rd floors, through the vertical shores beneath the 6th, 5th, 4th, and 3rd floors. These floor slabs are said to be "reshored", because as their forms were removed, the shores shown here were set in place to continue to provide support to the slab as it cured and increased in strength. This view from below shows the 4'x8' plywood of the 7th floor slab form and the pattern it left on the underside of the floors below. Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, California 2004.
Reinforced concrete building construction: Construction of reinforced concrete structural frame for high rise residential building. 7th floor oncrete slab formwork is in place, supported by trusses resting on 6th floor. The weight of the 7th floor formwork and the fresh concrete to be placed is shared among the 6th, 5th,, 4th, and 3rd floors, through the vertical shores beneath the 6th, 5th, 4th, and 3rd floors. These floor slabs are said to be "reshored", because as their forms were removed, the shores shown here were set in place to continue to provide support to the slab as it cured and increased in strength. This view from below shows the 4'x8' plywood of the 7th floor slab form and the pattern it left on the underside of the floors below. Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, California 2004.
Construction safety: Lower right is steel frame shoring for concrete structure to be cast at midheight of photo. This shoring will support several inches of freshly poured concrete, weighing 12.5 lb per sq ft per inch of thickness. The shoring is supported by a paved street that normally carries car and truck traffic and is highly vulnerable to impact from such vehicles. Large, highly visible construction zone signs and striped orange barrels and blinking lights warn possible traffic. An opening through lower part of shoring avoids workers or pedestrians trying to crawl through shoring. Concrete barriers help protect left side of shoring from vehicles, and stored, stacked steel shoring on pavement helps protect right side. A guardrail at perimeter of slab formwork provides fall protection for workers, particularly those who place reinforcing steel and concrete.

Left half is midpoint of forming and shoring for next floor of the concrete structure, with formwork at top and vertical steel frame reshoring at midheight to distribute weight of new concrete between the two concrete floors now in place. The two new concrete floors have not been in place long enough to have reached full 28 day design strength. Catwalk with guardrail provides walkway and fall protection for workers.

Right rear of photo is formwork for vertical concrete walls, with temporary catwalk on the outside for access by workers and guardrail that provides fall protection. Stored, stacked steel shoring is lower right. Ann Arbor, 2002.
Concrete construction: Formwork for next floor of concrete structure. Upper half of photo shows slab formwork for next concrete placement. Horizontal steel beams support wood joists, which support plywood sheathing, which will support new concrete floor slab. Vertical pipe and frame shores support beams. The pipe and frame shores will carry new concrete load to the slab whose underside is in lower half of photo. Steel cross bracing provides support against lateral/horizontal loads. The pipe frame shores in lower portion will help distribute some of the new concrete slab weight to the slab(s) below what is shown. Epoxy coated (green) reinforcing steel will tie new concrete structure to the concrete structure shown. Science Instruction Center Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2002.
Precast concrete tilt-up construction: Reinforced concrete wall section was pulled up at its top by crane into near vertical position to form section of outside wall of building. Worker uses impact drill to make hole in slab into which to bolt bracket that supports diagonal shore/brace to hold wall up until roof structure is in place. Phoenix, Arizona, November 2006.
Precast concrete tilt-up construction: Reinforced concrete wall section was pulled up at its top by crane into near vertical position to form section of outside wall of building. Worker uses impact drill to make hole in slab into which to bolt bracket that supports diagonal shore/brace to hold wall up until roof structure is in place. Phoenix, Arizona, November 2006.
Precast concrete tilt-up construction: Reinforced concrete wall section was pulled up at its top by crane into near vertical position to form section of outside wall of building. Worker uses impact drill to make hole in slab into which to bolt bracket that supports diagonal shore/brace to hold wall up until roof structure is in place. Phoenix, Arizona, November 2006.
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